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   [A1701]费加罗的2017持续能力训练记录-2017 0315更新 - 成长会2017 - 群论坛
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      [A1701]费加罗的2017持续能力训练记录-2017 0315更新
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              121#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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              2017-02-06 07:06:22
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               PCR技术带来的革命
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                2017-02-04
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGjOzOMErhz0xkUqyySk9SPcsI4EsBVL4MIvx8hOSQZBxQzJjPXRIlGbLb3LooCnb2todGi%2FC0aSCTVD%2FTJVQgQHWG2WQqmAIq2HpMMu8B4V5Q%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdcd2cb634db2742bd95d7d2e91982967cbe88b1cea5d7d973c7f0c8158b696f1ab4fe3c##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                之前讲的技术不适合做法医物证的鉴定，PCR技术为法医DNA带来一场革命
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                PCR技术主要是，很短很短的DNA，如果我要想找出它的多态性，直接使用电泳实际上是看不到的，因为人的一对染色体DNA的量很少，但是如果要电泳的话，我需要15ml血把整个片段分析，才能得出结果。但是如果我只想搞里面的一小段，这一段即使是在凝胶里面，实际上我也是看不到的，现在我有什么办法能看到，这一个片段除非是可以被我无限制的复制出来，当它的量达到一定的度，我就可以分析它了。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 什么东西能让它的量增加，就是这个PCR技术
                </strong>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                PCR技术，就是在体外的条件下，利用DNA聚合酶，把我想要的靶DNA扩增到我想要的数量。比如这一段DNA我想要，我就把引物设计好，然后这个引物在DNA聚合酶的作用下，就会复制，得到我所需要的
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.5924528301886792" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWVa97WIeD643qNbBbmHQFplwdhv7okbtqedRUZu8eI8fxp6h56LFa35A/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="795" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWVa97WIeD643qNbBbmHQFplwdhv7okbtqedRUZu8eI8fxp6h56LFa35A/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                用一个图谱来说，我知道这一段里面，有很多重复序列。上面的有6次重复，下面的有4次重复，比较短，长度不一样。为什么原来分不出来呢？我在电泳里面跑，我也看不到这个DNA到底在哪个地方，我找不到它。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 但是我如果能让这个量增加的很多，我就能够看到它了
                </strong>
                。所以一扩增之后，我就知道这两个人的片段长度是不一样的。
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 用这个技术，就可以做所有的生物性检材，血痕、唾液、尿液、精斑、毛发、牙齿、骨骼、组织，不再是只需要新鲜的血了
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                如果我想要取一段DNA来扩增，我就设计引物，针对这一段DNA，首先变形，成为两条单链分开，然后设计引物，让DNA聚合酶能够很从容的复制上去，这个引物就是和模版链配对的一个碱基序列，这是一个循环。2条DNA就变成4条了，如果再变形，再扩增，4条就变成8条。如果很多循环的话，这一段DNA就被扩增了。我们一般经过28-32个循环，如果用32次循环，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 假设效率是百分之百的话，我就可以得到10.07亿个DNA的copy了，这样的量，就完全够我做片段长度分析了
                </strong>
                ，就是足够STR使用了
               </p>
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               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                明天我们讲一讲STR
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              122#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-06 07:06:32">
              2017-02-06 07:06:32
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               别董大
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               2017-02-04 费加罗的表弟
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               千里黄云白日曛
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               北风吹雁雪纷纷
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               莫愁前路无知己
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               天下谁人不识君
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               <br/>
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               Farewell to a lutist
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               <br/>
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               Yellow clouds spread for mile and mile have veiled the day
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               The north wind blows down snow and wild geese fly away
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               Fear not you've no admires as you go along!
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               There is no connoisseur on earth but loves your song
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               lutist琵琶演奏家，弹琵琶者，鲁特琴演奏者。这个有意思，原来董大，是一个演奏者，我今天才知道。大二的时候，我很有兴致去看一场lute琴的演奏会，结果发现，是用中阮代替的，很失望。lute琴可以演奏和弦，装饰音，跑句，甚至对位，是巴洛克时期的一种很流行的古乐器。在广义的分类里面，中国的琵琶，包括日本琵琶也属于鲁特属
              </div>
              <div>
               这样说的话，《琵琶行》的翻译，应该大量使用lute这个词
              </div>
              <div>
               不过，多数唐诗启蒙书籍的插图上，没有体现出琵琶演奏家，更多的是表现两个好友的告别，甚至是两位将军的告别。不过没关系。
              </div>
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               veiled the day用了拟人
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               connoisseur鉴赏家，行家
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              123#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-06 07:06:52">
              2017-02-06 07:06:52
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               朋友，你了解STR么
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-05
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGgt1QLLNr%2FmRnXqlAg2vodl3CURTAiGJh6qHa0SM05dIYnSixPM9G0twIU3EfcX2hNodGi%2FC0aSCTVD%2FTJVQgQHx3G%2BmxtCn4kY2tXnZ9A37A%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdca2cb634dcfca9e9784b4957e149769c9ae9e9e46c90c58dd86eebcc6ba608f85a1639##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 STR就是Short Tandem Repeats现在应用最广
                </strong>
                。为什么叫短串联重复序列，就是说，像这个是4个碱基重复，这4个碱基都是AATG
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.5924528301886792" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWVfPdaxYx0dBDicYmyEtmqbnwxSvZ7CFmLtMCeAsgW8VBBySysdcy2Urw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="795" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWVfPdaxYx0dBDicYmyEtmqbnwxSvZ7CFmLtMCeAsgW8VBBySysdcy2Urw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                上面这个人重复了7次，实际上应该是4*7=28个碱基这么长，下面这个人重复了8次，就是4*8=32个碱基那么长。这两个人相差就是4个碱基，相差一个重复序列。如果用平常的方法，是区别不出来7和8的长度的，但是现在扩增之后，就可以区别出来了，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这样就可以很容易找到人与人之间的不同。
                </strong>
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这样的技术，还可以用更快的方法来做，刚才说是一个系统，其实我也可以在一个试管里做很多个STR扩增，叫做Multiplex PCR，这么多的DNA可以在一个管子里进行，根据颜色不同，再继续分析
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                美国FBI的DNA指纹库里面的CODIS系统，所选择的位点，有在2号染色体，有3号，4号，5号，7号，一共15个。
               </p>
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                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.89738430583501" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWVelE1hc6BLfgkfe4wWLyQAmDVvz8vSn7cF8yAnXnsgz0xZRW28FofxA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="497" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWVelE1hc6BLfgkfe4wWLyQAmDVvz8vSn7cF8yAnXnsgz0xZRW28FofxA/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这样犯罪现场的数据库，和嫌疑人的数据库都采用这个系统，之后才可以比对。不能够我做白细胞系统，你做红细胞系统，这样就没法比对了，总要有一个标准，我们国家现在也在做这个DNA数据库
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 刚才说用机器来做，也可以用电泳的方法，做出的结果还是谱带
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 我们现在做的鉴定主要还是用的商业化的试剂盒。以PCR为基础的DNA分析技术，我们现在应用很多。但是现在骨骼毛发这一块，我们还是用线粒体DNA扩增测序，就是序列多态性，在案件这一块，还是用STR-PCR，当然也有VNTR，也有Amp-FLP，
                 <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  这些现在用的都不多了，主要还是用STR
                 </strong>
                 。就是说，我们两类DNA的多态性，一个是序列多态性，一个是片段长度多态性。序列多态性用测序的方法，长度多态性可以用限制性内切酶和扩增片段长度多态性来做。但是我们现在最多的还是扩增片段，因为可以做出很小片段的DNA。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 如果用人工凝胶做出的结果就是谱带，如果用仪器来做的话，结果就是峰值
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 如果用仪器来做的话，华西医学院用的是ABI公司的310测序仪，它可以做序列多态性，也可以做片段长度多态性，就看片段长度有多长，通过一个毛细管电泳来做，PCR扩增之后，把样本放入，后面所有过程都是机器一个人完成的。原来我们要做一次这样的试验的话，要做凝胶电泳，要做显色，一天可能能做两三个位点，但是有了仪器之后，就会做的非常快。所以随着仪器的推广，我们的教师和研究生机就有更多时间做其他事情，现在我们的学生有越来越多的业余时间，可以做越来越多的事情，因为ta的事都是机器在做。
                 <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  可以晚上把样本加入，然后第二天早上就过来分析样本
                 </strong>
                 。当然教研室需要的人手就越来越少。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 机器主要是通过引物上标记的燃料颜色来识别，所以它在同一个凝胶电泳上可以做很多个系统。
                </span>
               </p>
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                </span>
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                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.48579545454545453" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWV6QqmDuicNupCI2qeJvXXAicibEOy90tQInicFvDfxKlvziajLRRLibjahqmw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="352" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3AZkIQdj2sLcvTtUvW2uWWV6QqmDuicNupCI2qeJvXXAicibEOy90tQInicFvDfxKlvziajLRRLibjahqmw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这个主要显示还有一个亚型，本来显示到9了，但是这个人是9.3，就是还有3个碱基。如果有这样的遗传标记的话，说不定一个系统就把人识别出来了，
                 <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  因为这样的人很少。如果你是属于比较少那个类型的话，作案很容易就被发现了，非常高的识别率。
                 </strong>
                </span>
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                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                明天我们再讲一讲两个比较快速的技术
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              124#
             </span>
             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
             </span>
             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-06 07:07:04">
              2017-02-06 07:07:04
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               枫桥夜泊
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               2017-02-05 费加罗的表弟
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               月落乌啼霜满天
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               江枫渔火对愁眠
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               姑苏城外寒山寺
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               夜半钟声到客船
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               <br/>
              </div>
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               Mooring by maple bridge at night
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               <br/>
              </div>
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               At moonset cry the crows,streaking the frosty sky
              </div>
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               Dimly lit fishing boats' neath maples sadly lie
              </div>
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               Beyond the city walls,from Temple of Cold Hill
              </div>
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               Bells break the ship-borne roamer's dream and midnight still
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               Moor做名词是荒原，比如乔治·艾洛特《荒原》就是《The moor》，这里是使停泊使停靠使固定的意思。
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               roamer是漂泊者流浪者漫游者
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              125#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               基因芯片
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-06
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGhSC3Gu8aeOKGVhQc59vYFUP7VKKPUAMqUoIVs2w2XKHKOh5CduJzR2NypSUF5B689odGi%2FC0aSCTVD%2FTJVQgQHdJn%2FJWIkEQzUm13%2BsuQ%2BWg%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdc72cb634d1439dc1fd490dfcf7db1a0be6e263287666115df5c9be9019676b57d28e7c##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                之前说到除机器之外，还有两种快速的方法，一个就是基因芯片技术
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                基因芯片技术还是用杂交的方法做的DNA的个人识别，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 当时我们想能够做更高通量的DNA的测定，能够应对911这样很快速的，还有公安上需要很快速的出结果的情况。
                </strong>
                我们需要一种技术可以替代现在的技术，觉得它还不够快，还应该更快些，于是有人就发明了基因芯片技术，但实际上基因芯片技术是没有被广泛应用。基因芯片实际上是把跟各种跟个人识别相关的寡核苷酸作为杂交的载体，自动在芯片上，如果DNA洗了过后，在上面自动杂交，就显示出不同的点。做的最好的公司是Nanogen公司做的芯片，就是在芯片上有各种各样跟DNA配对的寡核苷酸，如果匹配了DNA，就会自动吸附上去，不匹配的DNA，就被洗脱走了。凡是匹配上去的，都会显示出一个颜色来，这样就知道这个人是被哪一些探针探到了，然后再来做个人的识别。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 这个技术最后还是没有被广泛的应用
                </strong>
                ，它的错误的概率太高，因为它杂交的过程比较复杂，人为的控制不太容易，机器的控制也不太准确，所以一直没有被推广应用。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                MWG Biotech Roboamp 4200这个机器好，整个过程从PCR到样本都可以机器来做，不需要人了。
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                还有一个仪器就是Mass Spec Sample Plates这个是五楼的一个飞行质谱仪，由德国Bruker公司生产，最主要功能是做蛋白质的质量和分类和功能检测，以及新蛋白的发现，但是它也可以拿来做DNA。它的原理是这样的，就是说，DNA的样本被放在样本板上，如果被一束激光照射，那么DNA或者蛋白质就会飞起来，它飞出去能够被检测的距离或者时间，跟它的质量是有关系的。那么我们想一下，DNA的长度不一样，它的这个质量就不一样，是不是。这样也可以做DNA分型了。它的最大的特点就是，在微秒中，事情就完成了，所以非常非常快。但是这个技术却并没有被应用，主要是两个原因，首先，这台仪器太贵了，300w+，其实，它的功能开发尚未被广泛应用。就是Bruker BIFLEX III Time-of-Flight Spectrometer。所以德国和美国竞标飞行质谱仪的时候，我们选择了德国的，这也是德国人为什么支持我们去读书的原因了，它也知道他们的仪器会卖到中国来，它培养这么多学生，不知道回到国内回去干什么东西，
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 所以这个叫文化侵略。
                </strong>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                最后这个技术叫做DNA数据库，利用强大功能，一个是现场数据库，一个是嫌疑人的数据库。FBI使用CODIS来检索，第一套系统是法医学检索，从犯罪现场留下来的生物性证据中获得DNA指纹，另一套是犯罪分子索引。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 在美国，每一个州都有它的DNA数据库的法规，我国现在还没有完善起来。
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              126#
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               乌江·李清照
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               <br/>
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              <div>
               2017-02-06 费加罗的表弟
              </div>
              <div>
               <br/>
              </div>
              <div>
               生当作人杰
              </div>
              <div>
               死亦为鬼雄
              </div>
              <div>
               至今思项羽
              </div>
              <div>
               不肯过江东
              </div>
              <div>
               <br/>
              </div>
              <div>
               The black river
              </div>
              <div>
               <br/>
              </div>
              <div>
               Be man of men while you're alive
              </div>
              <div>
               Be soul of souls e'en if you're dead!
              </div>
              <div>
               Think of Xiang Yu who'd not survive
              </div>
              <div>
               His men whose blood for him was shed!
              </div>
              <div>
               这个句型不错，使用复数，非常巧妙！
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               不知道李清照为什么会写这么个诗
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                 好啊，你在微信里叫什么名字？
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                 微信里也叫Devil。
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              [S277]藤蔓-外贸-...
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              2017-02-13 16:02:32
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              hello 费加罗，我是S277藤蔓
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              你的帖子通篇看下来很有趣，感觉你应该也是一个有趣的人。最近怎么不更了呢？
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              2.7与2.8的文章因为各种原因发不上来，不知是不是因为敏感词。今后补上
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              129#
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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              2017-02-14 06:58:37
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               DNA的采集和保存
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-07
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGitpxaX9P6m2yXbBRJvx4GtP19g8i9noyRPU8UDeU%2FtTERzSuwsbPT1vpbmR1OSUvx2qe3N9UHNdBVRRBRj6HwR%2FYTujeytadwh%2BZ1tP5hv9w%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdc02cb634d6618b14734a633b1333e58ca0f2ae055c5b2089d35913d6a238d9095430a1##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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                最后介绍一下DNA证据的价值。我们收集这么多证据，实际上最终就是做DNA。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 除了同卵双生个体之外，其他任何一个个体之间不会有同样的DNA，我们从犯罪现场收集到的DNA证据，既可以确定犯罪嫌疑人，又可以排除嫌疑人的嫌疑。
                </strong>
                在处理全国范围内的犯罪案件，DNA证据在证明当事人无罪或有罪的时候，发挥着前所未有的巨大作用。因此，提高法医工作者对案件中DNA证据的潜在重要性的认识能力就显得格外重要。
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 我们现在有很多案件在复检，如果说有的证据保存的很好的话，以前没有做DNA的，现在都做DNA了。
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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              咏柳
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               2017-02-07
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               碧玉妆成一树高
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               万条垂下绿丝绦
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               不知细叶谁裁出
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              <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
               二月春风似剪刀
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               The willow
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              <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
               The slender tree is dressed in emerald all about
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              <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
               Ten thousand branches droop like fringes made of jade
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              <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
               But do you know by whom these slim leaves are cut out?
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               The wind of early spring is sharp as scissor blade
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               尾句翻译差点儿意思
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              131#
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-14 07:05:42">
              2017-02-14 07:05:42
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              出塞
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              2017-02-08 费加罗的表弟
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              秦时明月汉时关
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              万里长征人未还
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              但使龙城飞将在
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              不教胡马度阴山
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              <br/>
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             <div>
              On the frontier
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              <br/>
             </div>
             <div>
              The moon still shines on mountain passes as of yore
             </div>
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              How many guardsmen of the Great Wall are no more!
             </div>
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              If the Flying General were still there in command
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             <div>
              No Tartar horses would dare to invade our land
             </div>
             <div>
              胡=tartar，应该是鞑靼的意思，北方游牧民族。不知道是不是“胡”的通译
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              132#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-14 07:06:06">
              2017-02-14 07:06:06
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              <h2 style="margin:0px 0px 14px;padding:0px 0px 10px;font-weight:400;font-size:24px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(231, 231, 235);font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif">
               那个，你有朋友要做亲子鉴定么（呲牙）？
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-09
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGgae5443HRlYhv3BKA8tVXN3oPsczJOozJQm%2FE6iKW0zaIww5L3APRJGJsITnTLYNl2qe3N9UHNdBVRRBRj6HwRttpgTOqEKcjt%2FPq%2BQA%2F9dA%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdd62cb634c0f280877e302c451fb872dd603a4a242d29008853baf9a8c8405eb2c8bd2c##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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                 我们今天一起讨论亲子鉴定的问题
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                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 什么是亲子鉴定呢？最简单的讲，就是用科学的技术与方法，证明两个个体之间，有还是没有血缘关系。如果有血缘关系的话，要说明是什么样的血缘关系，这就是亲子鉴定最简单的定义
                </span>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 我们来简单的回顾一下，亲子鉴定的简单历史。最早的时候，是在三国时代吗，就已经有了滴骨验亲的办法，可以参见《会稽先贤传》谢承。最近的电视剧《大宋提刑官》提到了宋慈的一个办法，叫做合血法。其实星爷《九品芝麻官》里也有类似情节。但是这些都是一些萌芽，不一定完全有真正意义的科学依据。
                </span>
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  一直到
                 </span>
                 1901
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  年，
                 </span>
                 landsteiner
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  发现了人类的
                 </span>
                 ABO
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  血型的时候，才使亲子鉴定进入了真正的科学时代。直到
                 </span>
                 1985
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  年的时候，由英国科学家
                 </span>
                 Jefferys
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  在办理一起加纳移民案件的时候，使用了
                 </span>
                 DNA
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  指纹，使亲子鉴定真正进入了一个新的发展阶段。到
                 </span>
                 1993
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  年，国际法医遗传学会，使用的
                 </span>
                 STR
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  分析系统，也就是我们所称的第二代
                 </span>
                 DNA
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  指纹，才使得亲子鉴定真正实现了标准化，规范化。
                 </span>
                </span>
               </p>
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                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                 </span>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  我们首先来看一下，亲子鉴定最基本的原理。我们都知道，人类的染色体是
                 </span>
                 23
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  对，其中
                 </span>
                 23
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  条来自母亲，另外
                 </span>
                 23
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  条来自父亲。在一个具体的位点上，以
                 </span>
                 ABO
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  血型为例
                 </span>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.7608695652173914" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3CJkNLkQK35UsNfS4B7tHECFQ4tjCOWic8uZJqobmFJzbeabvYKoKUnjYmvo4nQDwWYiaZoIbyaibGjg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="552" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3CJkNLkQK35UsNfS4B7tHECFQ4tjCOWic8uZJqobmFJzbeabvYKoKUnjYmvo4nQDwWYiaZoIbyaibGjg/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
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                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  我们看得见，如果小孩是
                 </span>
                 A
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  型，母亲是
                 </span>
                 A
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  型，那么母亲提供给小孩的是
                 </span>
                 A
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  这个等位基因，而小孩的父亲如果是
                 </span>
                 B
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  型，但是基因型是
                 </span>
                 BO
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  型的杂合子，提供
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  给小孩，所以构成小孩的基因型是
                 </span>
                 AO
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  ，表型为
                 </span>
                 A
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  。这是大家都知道的遗传学的原理。
                 </span>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 而亲子鉴定正是利用了这样的原理。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  比方说，假定母亲和小孩的关系是肯定的，母亲是
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  型，提供一个等位基因
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  给小孩，那么小孩的另外一个
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  ，一定要来自于生父，而需要鉴定的男子是
                 </span>
                 AB
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  型，无法提供
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  给小孩。这个时候呢，要排除这个男子是小孩生父的可能性，称作“排除父权”。
                 </span>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  另外一种情况呢，就是母亲和小孩的关系是肯定的，那么母亲提供
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  给小孩，小孩的另外一个
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  要来自于生父。此时，这名被指控的（
                 </span>
                 acused
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  ）男子也是有
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  ，也是可以提供
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  给小孩，这个时候，就不能排除这名男子是小孩生父的可能性。但是，倒过来说，虽然不能排除男子是生父，但是能不能就此肯定男子是生父呢？当然也不能。因为群体中，有
                 </span>
                 O
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  型的人太多，超过了百分之三十，所以必须要考虑用另外的办法，来分析男子是不是生父。
                 </span>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                 </span>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:宋体, SimSun">
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  这是
                 </span>
                 ABO
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  血型的例子。除了
                 </span>
                 ABO
                 <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  血型，还有其他方法，其他的遗传标记，可以用类似的方法做亲子鉴定。明天我们讲
                 </span>
                </span>
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              133#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-14 07:06:24">
              2017-02-14 07:06:24
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               黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵
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               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-09
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGhGIOCWpfLByXjcEVnl6K62mgQW16sIRKtHdNs3%2Fl4hI5Ne5mYa8eMfHPu6IMYkg9Z2qe3N9UHNdBVRRBRj6HwR%2FXGBRzxYpWFN%2F%2FAWKJlbOA%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdd62cb634c0c92d107056de3cefff9e760e9f77e91012601ce82d854e48ef34fc8a0301##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
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              <div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;color:rgb(62, 62, 62);min-height:350px;position:relative;font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                故人西辞黄鹤楼
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                烟花三月下扬州
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                孤帆远影碧空尽
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                唯见长江天际流
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                Seeing Meng haoran off at
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 yellow crane tower
                </strong>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 My friend has left the west
                 <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  where the Yellow Crane towers
                 </strong>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 For River Town veiled in green willows and red flowers
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 His lessening sail is lost in
                 <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  boundless
                 </strong>
                 blue sky
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 Where I see but the
                 <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                  endless
                 </strong>
                 River rolling by
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 yellow crane tower是黄鹤楼的标准翻译，好玩儿的是，首句竟然出人意料的出现的词形变化，将tower从n.升级为v.，而且还使用了三单。太巧妙了
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 其他没什么好说的，后两句boundless和endless很亮。当需要表达”滔滔江水连绵不绝“的时候，可以考虑-less
                </span>
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              134#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-14 07:07:46">
              2017-02-14 07:07:46
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              <h2 style="margin:0px 0px 14px;padding:0px 0px 10px;font-weight:400;font-size:24px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:rgb(231, 231, 235);font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif">
               亲子鉴定的两个原理
              </h2>
              <div style="margin:0px 0px 18px;padding:0px;font-size:0px;position:relative;z-index:1;font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif">
               <span style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;color:rgb(140, 140, 140);max-width:none">
                2017-02-10
               </span>
               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGjBLIiraiYjzEBKt3TA46wqyORuuEap8394qFynoIy5tKSHQs5R%2Be7vBKEkEgAVEKF2qe3N9UHNdBVRRBRj6HwRKApX2yd6tauA6auro4FMPw%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdec2cb634fab4e7273552b5ac3ef96d552611fe3e7096861aa5e1996ff8dd124b7f5a22##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
               </a>
              </div>
              <div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;color:rgb(62, 62, 62);min-height:350px;position:relative;font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 昨天讲了
                </span>
                ABO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 血型。回想一下，我们把遗传标记分为两大类，一类是血型，包括血清型酶型等等，第二大类是
                </span>
                DNA
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 的遗传标记，比方说长度多态性的
                </span>
                STR
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，有序列多态性的线粒体
                </span>
                DNA
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 。这些大家都学过，而且都可以做亲子鉴定。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 今天绝大多数亲子鉴定都是用
                </span>
                DNA
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 来做的。大家知道，现在的主要指标是
                </span>
                STR
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，
                </span>
                STR
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 和
                </span>
                ABO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 血型不一样，用的是核心序列的重复数，来命名等位基因。比方说这个核心序列
                </span>
                TATG
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 重复了
                </span>
                8
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 次，它的等位基因就命名为
                </span>
                8
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 。这样的重复单位数，在电泳上，和遗传有什么关系呢？以这个小孩为例
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.5419847328244275" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3BYmpSUSJ6DevJfTU4455myk3GAia9X1nC1ljZpcRl1iadCfcAVzr89OCSoK0cHNPa3ejnrhcbBZRpQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="655" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3BYmpSUSJ6DevJfTU4455myk3GAia9X1nC1ljZpcRl1iadCfcAVzr89OCSoK0cHNPa3ejnrhcbBZRpQ/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 这个小孩重复
                </span>
                3
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 次的等位基因，在谱带上就为
                </span>
                3
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，重复了
                </span>
                4
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 次的等位基因，在谱带上就为
                </span>
                4
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 。下面是电泳的方向，是阳极的方向，上面是阴极的方向。我们看得见，分子质量越小，重复次数越少的，就更靠近阳极。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 如果母亲和小孩的关系是肯定的，那么母亲是
                </span>
                2-4
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，重复
                </span>
                2
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 次和
                </span>
                4
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 次，就是
                </span>
                2-4
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 的基因型，其中把
                </span>
                4
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 传递给了小孩，那小孩的
                </span>
                3
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 就一定要来自于生父，因此，这个男子在正常情况下，符合遗传规律，如果这名男子确实是小孩的生父，他的
                </span>
                3
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 就要传递给小孩。这是用类似
                </span>
                ABO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 血型的一个例子
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 在实际的亲子鉴定中，我们举两个例子，其中母亲和小孩的关系是确定的
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.5067669172932331" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3BYmpSUSJ6DevJfTU4455myTMRJnJpSyn3TGN6u0HNTYdgiaZoticibuYaB0EcznQQUCNsmXf7HIWcuw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="665" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3BYmpSUSJ6DevJfTU4455myTMRJnJpSyn3TGN6u0HNTYdgiaZoticibuYaB0EcznQQUCNsmXf7HIWcuw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 右边这个母亲是
                </span>
                6-11
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，小孩是
                </span>
                8-11
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，也就是说母亲把
                </span>
                11
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 传递给了小孩。那么小孩的
                </span>
                8
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 就应该来自于他的生父，这个男的只有
                </span>
                7
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，没有
                </span>
                8
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，所以要排除父权。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 左边这个母亲是
                </span>
                7-9
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，小孩是
                </span>
                5-7
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，母亲把
                </span>
                7
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 传给了小孩，所以小孩的
                </span>
                5
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 就一定要来自于生父。这个男的是
                </span>
                5-8
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，他可能把
                </span>
                5
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 传递给小孩，此时，我们不能够排除这名男子的父权，但是能不能就此肯定他的父权呢？当然也是不能的，原因是群体中有
                </span>
                5
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 的太多了，原理和
                </span>
                ABO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 一样。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 所以我们简单总结一下：当不能够排除的时候，他不一定是小孩的真正的生物学父亲，唯一的办法就是做很多很多的遗传标记。当你做了很多遗传标记之后，群体中符合这样遗传标记的人会越来越少，少到一定程度，就是群体中不太可能有第二个人有这种组合的时候，此时，我们就有把握说他是小孩的生父。所以我们用更多遗传标记，实现对生父的认定。
                </span>
               </p>
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                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 所以，归纳起来就是，亲子鉴定第一原理：假定母亲和小孩的关系肯定，要弄清楚被指控的男子是不是小孩生父，用遗传标记的办法。这个结果是两个可能要么不符合，此时排除父亲，要么符合，此时不能排除父权，但也不能肯定父权。这个原理依据的科学道理就是遗传规律。解决的是排除问题
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 在刚才类似的情况下，如果不能排除父权，我们就要估计，被控父亲是生父的可能性。这时候，已经超越了遗传学原理，使用的是统计学原理。所以认定父亲就要使用统计学原理。
                </span>
               </p>
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                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
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                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 这是两个最基本的原理。明天我们从否定父权开始讲起
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               唐王秉诚修大会 观音显圣化金蝉
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                2017-02-10
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                那法师在台上，念一会《受众度亡经》，谈一会儿《安邦天宝篆》，又宣一会《劝修功卷》。这菩萨近前来，拍着宝台，厉声高叫道：“那和尚，你只会谈‘小乘教法’”，可会谈‘大乘’么？”玄奘闻言，心中大喜，翻身跳下台来，对菩萨起手道：“老师父，弟子失瞻多罪。见前的盖众僧人，都讲的是‘小乘教法’，却不知‘大乘教法’如何。”菩萨道：“你这小乘教法，度不得亡者超升，只可浑俗和光而已；我有大乘佛法三藏，能超亡者升天，能度难人脱苦，能修无量寿身，能作无来无去。”
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                On his dais the Master of the Law read through the Sutra to Give Life and Deliver the Dead,discussed the Heavenly Charm to Project the Country and preached on the Exhortation to Cultivate Merit.The bodhisattva went up to the dais,hit it,and shouted out at the top of her voice,"Why are you only talking about the doctrine of the Little Vehicle,monk?Can you preach about the Great Vehicle?"On hearing these questions a delighted Xuanzang leapt down from the preaching dais,bowed to the Bodhisattva,and said,"Venerable teacher,your disciple has sinned grievously in failing to recognize you.We monks who stand before you only preach the law of the Little Vehicle,and we know nothing of the doctrine of the Great Vehicle.""That doctrine of the Little Vehicle of yours will never bring the dead to rebirth;it's only good enough for a vulgar sort of enlightenment.Now I have the Three Stores of the Buddha's Law of the Great Vehicle that will raise the dead up to Heaven,deliver sufferers from their torments,and free souls from the eternal coming and going."
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               否定父权
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                费加罗的表弟
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                 否定父权有
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                4
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 种类型。第一：孩子不能有双亲没有的等位基因。第二：孩子必有双亲各一个等位基因。第三：双亲有相同等位基因，孩子才能是纯合子。第四：双亲之一是纯合子，孩子必有此等位基因。
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               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 首先我们看母亲和小孩共有的等位基因，以
                </span>
                vWA
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 为例，母亲和小孩共有
                </span>
                17
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，此时小孩的
                </span>
                14
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 就一定来自于生父，此时这名男子是
                </span>
                16-18
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，没有
                </span>
                14
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，就要排除父权。以此类推，方法是一样的。
                </span>
                ABO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 血型也是一样的，这对母子共有的基因是
                </span>
                O
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，因为虽然母亲表型是
                </span>
                A
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，但是基因型可能是杂合子
                </span>
                AO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，所以提供了
                </span>
                O
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 基因给小孩，那么小孩的另外一个
                </span>
                O
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 就应该来自于他的父亲。这个男子是
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 型，不可能提供
                </span>
                O
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，所以也要排除父权。分析的基本策略就是：先看母子共有的等位基因，孩子的非母等位基因必定来自生父。这是基本情况，如果亲子鉴定这么简单的话就好了，这只是一般的原理，实际中会有很多例外
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 比方说
                </span>
                ABO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 血型，可能有千分之一的人是顺式
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 （
                </span>
                Cis-AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ），所谓顺式
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 就是，传统上的
                </span>
                ABO
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 血型，它的
                </span>
                A
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 和
                </span>
                B
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 两个等位基因，在个体上，通常是同源染色体上，其中来自于母亲可能是
                </span>
                A
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，来自父亲的可能是
                </span>
                B
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 。但是顺式
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 来说，他们的
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 两个等位基因是在同一条染色体上，那么同源染色体上另外一个染色体是
                </span>
                O
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，这个时候，如果根据刚才说的原理，这个男子可能就是
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 在同一个染色体上，另外一个染色体上就是
                </span>
                O
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 这个基因，因此能够传递
                </span>
                O
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 给小孩，此时如果我们排除父权的话，可能会出错。但是，事实上我们又做不到，你怎么能说这是一个正常的
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，那个就是顺式
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 呢？这是难以做到的，这就必须面临一个问题，对于我们否定父权，有什么风险存在，必须回答
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 所以我们刚才回到公式中，基本原理是否定父权的原理，也就是不符合就排除父权，符合就不排除父权。潜在的问题是，如果不符合，就面临突变和遗传例外，就是刚才顺式
                </span>
                AB
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 的例子。还有，如果符合，但是不能排除父权，实际上，非父也不一定都排除，是因为群体中有同类型的人，太多。因此这两种情况，潜在的问题归纳起来，会产生两个问题：一个是怎样避免突变导致的错误否定父权，另一个是多少遗传标记才能排除非父。第一种是个案问题，第二种是系统问题，也就是实验室要考虑的问题。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 明天我们从系统问题开始讲。
                </span>
               </p>
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              137#
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             <span class="gn " title="[S13]费加罗-法医-徐州">
              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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             <span class="posttime" title="2017-02-14 07:08:35">
              2017-02-14 07:08:35
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               八卦炉中逃大圣 五行山下定心猿
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                2017-02-11
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                费加罗的表弟
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                真个光阴迅速，不觉七七四十九日，老君的火候俱全。忽一日，开炉取丹。那大圣双手侮着眼，正自揉搓流涕，只听得炉头声响。猛睁睛看见光明，他就忍不住，将身一纵，跳出丹炉，呼喇一声，蹬倒八卦炉，往外就走。
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                Time soon passed，and without him realizing it the seven times seven,or forty-nine ,days had passed,and Lord Lao Zi's fire had reached the required temperature and burned for long enough.One day the furnace was opened for the elixir to be taken out.The Great Sage,who was shielding his eys with both hands and wiping away his tears,heard a noise at the top of the furnace.He looked hard and saw daylight;and,unable to stand being in there a moment longer,leapt out of the furnace,kicked it over with a crash,and was off.
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              138#
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               非父排除概率
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                费加罗的表弟
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                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 昨天讲到个案和系统的否定父权的能力。首先我们来考虑系统的能力。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 用什么办法来评估呢？我们用这样一个指标，叫做非父排除概率：对于不是小孩生父的随机男子，我们的系统具有的排除能力，这样的能力就是评估遗传分析系统效能的指标。也就是说，必须要在做亲子鉴定之间，从系统上评定究竟能不能够排除假父亲，排除假父亲的能力有多大，这个指标的计算原理，不是针对具体的个案，不是针对具体的母亲，小孩，或者被指控的男子来做，而是从系统的角度考虑。所以非父排除概率的大小与遗传方式有关，与多态性的程度有关，还取决于遗传标记的等位基因的数目和等位基因的频率。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.32857142857142857" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3Dia3ZyVp5lpdwDzdFfBrHrHjNAIMR6PbBlFIfOQfjZCsuAZnTiaYSbN1ZBcG2t5M2u8lTzGCvTsw1Q/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="560" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3Dia3ZyVp5lpdwDzdFfBrHrHjNAIMR6PbBlFIfOQfjZCsuAZnTiaYSbN1ZBcG2t5M2u8lTzGCvTsw1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                </span>
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 这个地方举一个例子，就是
                </span>
                MN
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 血型，只有两个等位基因，和三个基因型。在群体之中，我们把所有可能的组合都展示出来。比方说，这是一个母亲的表型，这是一个
                </span>
                M
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 型，如果小孩也是
                </span>
                M
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 的话，能够排除的只有一种情况，就是男子是
                </span>
                N
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 。因为男子是
                </span>
                M
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 或
                </span>
                MN
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 都无法排除。我们可以计算出这样的组合的概率，基于
                </span>
                Hardy-wenberg
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 平衡的计算，母亲的频率是
                </span>
                M
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 基因的平方
                </span>
                p
                <sup style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 2
                </sup>
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，
                </span>
                Hardy-wenberg
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 平衡解决了等位基因和基因型的频率问题。所以简单说，纯合子的表型频率就等于基因频率的平方，杂合子就等于
                </span>
                2
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 乘以第一个等位基因频率再乘以第二个等位基因频率。所以此时，小孩是
                </span>
                M
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 型，这个
                </span>
                M
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 是母亲提供给他的，因此相对频率就是
                </span>
                p
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，他的另外一个等位基因来自父亲，群体中
                </span>
                N
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 的男子频率是
                </span>
                q2
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ，因为
                </span>
                q
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 是
                </span>
                N
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 的基因频率。三种概乘在一起，概率就是
                </span>
                p3q2
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 。任何一种组合都可以这样得概率，将全部排出概率加在一起，经过数学整理，这个系统的排除概率就是
                </span>
                pq
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 （
                </span>
                1-pq
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 ），这样就得到了系统的非父排除概率。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 以上举例是两个等位基因系统，但是实际上，我们经常会到一个基因座上有很多等位基因，比如说STR有8个9个等位基因。于是有这样一个公式，只要是共显性系统，都可以利用这个公式计算系统的非父排除概率，这是我们总体上，对于一个系统而言，计算非父排除概率。
                </span>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;font-family:微软雅黑, sans-serif">
                 明天我们从非父排除概率的好处开始讲起
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              [S13]费加罗-法医...
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               婴宁 元宵节大奉献，这篇的翻译超级漂亮！
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                2017-02-12
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                费加罗的表弟
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                王子服，莒之罗店人。早孤。绝慧，十四入泮。母最爱之，寻常不令游郊野。聘萧氏，未嫁而夭，故求凰未就也。会
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 上元
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                ，有舅氏吴生，邀同眺瞩。方至村外，舅家有仆来，招吴去；生见游女如云，乘兴独游。有女郎携婢，捻梅花一枝，容华绝代，笑容可掬。生注目不移，竟忘顾忌。女过去数武，顾婢曰：“个儿郎目灼灼似贼！”遗花地上，笑语自去
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                Wang Zifu was a  native of Luodian in Luxian County,Shandong Province.His father died when he was still a child.Being extraodinarily clever,he passed the imperial examination at the local level and became a xiucai at the age of fourteen.He was his mother's favorite and was hardly ever allowed to go outside the town to play.He had been engaged to a girl of the Xiao Famlily,but she had died too soon,and they had not found someone suitable since.
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                On the fifteenth of the first month,that is the Lantern Festival,his cousin Wu invited him to join him to see the sights.They had just reached the outskirts of town when a servant from his cousin's family caught up with them and Wu was recalled home.There were many girls playing around and Wang decided he would enjoy the sights by himself.He was particularly attracted by one girl who was accompanied by a maid and who held a branch of plum blossoms in her hand.She was as beautiful as can be and always wore a smile on her face.Fogetting his manners,Wang glued his eyes on her.The girl walked past him and then said to the maid,"That young man's burning eyes are like those of a thief!"She threw the plum blossom branch on the ground and walked away,taking and giggling.
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               系统的非父排除概率
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                2017-02-13
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               <a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxOTgzNTYxOQ==&amp;tempkey=DoabAtzmIuLFJJXlJcteLN9EymBmf%2B9QNS8cT49TSGgEXw9kHUfgEW97tLcGBEaKTAPgT%2FBkYdJgYFDcA%2FYbZ5A5JlyD8OFtIyCKxmXrsZB2qe3N9UHNdBVRRBRj6HwRolXOAxTKQR93XCpsD1AlyA%3D%3D&amp;chksm=1bc1bdfd2cb634eba8b1c445199172c4613db2bb63c16abea4037b93b3fbd50c3329c09e57ca##" style="margin:0px 8px 10px 0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(96, 127, 166);text-decoration:none;display:none;vertical-align:middle;font-size:16px;max-width:none" target="_blank">
                费加罗的表弟
               </a>
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              <div style="margin:0px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;color:rgb(62, 62, 62);min-height:350px;position:relative;font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px">
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                非父排除概率有什么好处呢？比方说，一个STR位点叫做D8S1179，它的非父排除概率是0.685，另外一个系统叫做TH01，它的非父排除概率叫做0.326。这两个值不一样，这个不一样说明了什么呢？说的是：群体中随机抽取100个由母亲、孩子及假父亲构成的三联体，D8S1179将排除68.5%的假父亲，对于TH01，将排除32.6%的假父亲。通过这样一个比较，你会看出来，D8S1179排除假父亲的能力比TH01要高，通过这样一个指标，能够帮助我们在选择遗传标记的时候，尽量去选择排除能力强的系统，是不是？
                <strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                 因此，非父排除概率越高，遗传标记排除假父亲的能力就越强
                </strong>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                我们刚才所讲的排除能力，是对一个遗传标记而言，但是我们做亲子鉴定的时候，不可能只做一个，也就是说，不可能只用ABO血型，不可能只用TH01这个STR来做亲子鉴定，而是要用很多很多的遗传标记一起来做，一个案子的亲子鉴定。这个时候，我们就必须要考虑，我们用的所有指标用在一起，排除假父亲的能力有多强。那么它的计算原理，单个的我们已经讲过，综合在一起呢，就是CEP=1-(1-EP1)(1-EP2)(1-EP3)(1-EPK)
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                =1-TT(1-EPK)
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这样一个公式，比方说，第一个是ABO血型的非父排除概率，第二个是TH01的非父排除概率，第三个是D8S1179的非父排除概率，1减去非父排除概率，就是不排除概率，这个系统而言，所有的不排除概率乘在一起，被1减，就是我们整个系统的总体累计排除概率，是不是？
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                所以如果累计会怎样呢，举个栗子
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                <img data-fail="0" data-ratio="0.9704918032786886" data-s="300,640" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3DpKZTEcagkfkq1rAzsvfn6tSAqNO6b9NKRNWHoxjeqRBNahWtGKSKCfQXYicXgW2fibDvzpXPJREyw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="305" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/54Dmx1Xgw3DpKZTEcagkfkq1rAzsvfn6tSAqNO6b9NKRNWHoxjeqRBNahWtGKSKCfQXYicXgW2fibDvzpXPJREyw/640?wx_fmt=png&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;height:auto !important;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;width:auto !important;visibility:visible !important"/>
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                这些都是STR，基因座TPOX它的非父排除概率是0.302，如果加上D3S1358呢，D3S1358自己的排除概率是0.510,累计之后，就变成了0.6580,以此类推，把所有的系统都累计在一起，随着系统的增加，非父排除概率的能力就越来越强，所以9会越来越多，于是整体系统排除假父亲的能力越来越强，假父亲被排除的可能就会大大增加，而真父亲是永远不会被排除的，是不是？这样把假的去掉，就留下了真的
               </p>
               <p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important">
                以上是系统的问题，明天我们讲讲个案
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   <div<% if (hide) { %> style="display:none;"<% } %> id="post_<% if (replyData.pId) { %><%= replyData.pId %><% } else { %>0<% } %>">
    <table id="pid<%= replyData.pId%>" summary="pid<%= replyData.pId%>" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td class="pls">
                    <div class="avatar"><img width="64px;" height="64px" src="<% if (replyData.authorAvatar) { %>http://shp.qlogo.cn/qgc_avatar/<%= replyData.authorUid %>/<%= replyData.authorUid %>/50<% } else { %>http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/common/noavatar.jpg<% } %>" title="<%= replyData.credit %>/<%= replyData.nextLevelCredit %>"><img class="leveicon" src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/lv_<%= replyData.rank%>.gif"></div>
                </td>
                <td id="plc_<%= replyData.pId%>" class="plc postContent">
                    <div class="post_top" class="po">
                        <div class="topt fright">
                            <% if (replyData.isBaned) { %><span class="hban">已禁言</span><% } %>
                            <span class="op_item" uid="<%= replyData.authorUid %>" pid="<%= replyData.pId %>">
                                <% if (!replyData.isBaned && '000Cw0cGW' != replyData.authorUid && 0) { %><a class="ban" title="禁言" href="javascript:;">禁言</a><% } %>
                                
                                <% if ('000Cw0cGW' != replyData.authorUid && !0) { %><a class="report" title="" href="javascript:;">举报</a><% } %>
                                <% if ('000Cw0cGW' == replyData.authorUid || 0) { %><a href="/314962432<% if (!replyData.pId) { %>/t/edit?tId=13<% } else { %>/r/edit?tId=13&pId=<%= replyData.pId %><% } %>">编辑</a><% } %>
                            </span>
                            <% if ('000Cw0cGW' == replyData.authorUid || 0) { %><a class="delete" title="删除" href="javascript:;">删除</a><% } %>
                            <a href="javascript:;" class="<% if (!replyData.pId) { %>treply<% } else { %>rreplay<% } %>" toPId="<%= replyData.pId%>" pId="0">回复</a>
                        </div>
                        <p class="postinfo"><span class="postnum"><%= replyData.floorName %></span><span class="gn <% if (replyData.perm.redName) { %>rn<% } %><% if (replyData.perm.boldName) { %> bn<% } %>" title="<%= replyData.author %>"><%= cutstr(replyData.author, 24) %></span><% if (replyData.isGuest) {%><span class="utitle admint">嘉宾</span><%} else if (replyData.smRole == "admin") { %> <span class="utitle admint">管理员</span><% } else { %><% } %> <span class="posttime" title="<%= replyData.fCreatedTime %>"><% if (replyData.createTime < 1490025600) { %><%== replyData.fCreatedTime %><% } else { %><%= substr(replyData.fCreatedTime, 11, 8) %><% } %></span></p>
                    </div>
                    <div class="pct">
                        <div class="pctmessage mbm xs2" style="<% if(replyData.isGuest) {%>color:red;<%}%>"><%== replyData.content %></div>
                        <% if (replyData.pId) { %>
                        <!--楼中楼-->
                        <div id="replyFloorList_<%=replyData.pId%>" class="replaylist">
                            <div id="floorPre_<%=replyData.pId%>">
                                <%include('floorList', replyData)%>
                                <% if (replyData.restFloorCount) { %>
                                    <div class="rtip mtm"><a href="/314962432/f/list?tId=13&pId=<%=replyData.pId%>" class="clickMore">后面还有<em id="floorCount_<%= replyData.pId %>"><%= replyData.restFloorCount %></em>条，点击查看</a></div>
                                <% } %>
                            </div>
                            <div id="floorList_<%=replyData.pId%>" style="display:none;"></div>
                        </div>
                        
                        <div class="replayitem nborder npb cl floorReply" id="floorReply_<%= replyData.pId %>_0" <% if (!replyData.floorCount) { %>style="display:none;"<% } %>>
                            <span><img class="hruser" width="40px" src="http://shp.qlogo.cn/qgc_avatar/000Cw0cGW/000Cw0cGW/50"></span>
                            <div class="rpost mtm">
                                <div class="area">
                                    <textarea rows="6" cols="80" name="rfContent" id="vrrmessage_<%= replyData.pId %>" toPId="<%= replyData.pId %>" pId="0" class="vrrmessage pt" tabindex="12" style="height:20px" placeholder="我来说一句"></textarea>
                                </div>
                                <div class="btns_out"><div class="btns mtn"><label class="nlg_button_wrapper" style="display:none"><button tabindex="5" class="rp_btn fright nmr nlg_btn rffastpostsubmit" id="rffastpostsubmit_<%= replyData.pId %>" toPId="<%= replyData.pId %>" pId="0" type="submit" disabled="disabled">回复</button></label></div></div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        
                        <% } %>
                    </div>
                    <div class="bopt mtm">
                        <% if (replyData.editorUid && replyData.editTime) { %><p class="edhistory fright">此帖于 <%= replyData.fLastEditTime %> 被编辑</p><% } %>
                        <%if (!replyData.pId) {%>
                        <ul id="p_btn">
                        <li class="<% if (!replyData.isLiked) { %>likethread<% } %>"><a id="likeThread" href="javascript:;" tId="13"><img src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/<% if (replyData.isLiked) { %>pic_zaned.png<% } else { %>pic_zan.png<% } %>" width="20px" height="17px" align="absmiddle"><span id="likePerson"<% if (replyData.likeNum < 1) { %> style="display:none;"<% } %>><span id="likeNum"><%= replyData.likeNum %></span></span>赞</a></li>
                            <li class="share"><a href="javascript:;"><img src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/pic_share.png" width="16px" height="16px" align="absmiddle"> 分享到</a></li>
                            <li class="post"><a href="javascript:;" class="treply"><img src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/pic_reply.png" width="20px" height="17px" align="absmiddle"> 发言</a></li>
                        </ul>
                        <% } %>
                    </div>
                </td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
</div>
  </script>
  <script id="tmpl_reply" type="text/html">
   <div class="postblock" start="<%= preStart %>" to="<%= nextStart %>">
<% for (i in replyList) { %>
<% if (!isPostExist(replyList[i].pId)) { %>
<% include('tmpl_reply_node', {'replyData':replyList[i]}) %>
<% } %>
<% } %>
</div>
  </script>
  <script id="tmpl_recentMsg" type="text/html">
   <% if (!floorNotice.isItem) { %>
 <div id="floorNotice_<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="mbm reply-n-item">
     <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
         <tbody>
             <tr>
                 <td class="pls">
                     <img class="laba" src="http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/laba.png">
                 </td>
                 <td class="plc">
                     <div class="pct">
                        <% } %>
                        <div id="floorNoticeItem_<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="replayitem cl noborder">
                            <span><img class="hruser" width="40px" src="<% if (floorNotice.authorAvatar) { %>http://shp.qlogo.cn/qgc_avatar/<%= floorNotice.authorUid %>/<%= floorNotice.authorUid %>/50<% } else { %>http://dzqun.gtimg.cn/plaza/images/common/noavatar.jpg<% } %>"></span>
                            <div class="rpbox">
                                <div class="postinfo mbn ptn">
                                    <b title="<%= floorNotice.author %>"><%= cutstr(floorNotice.author, 24) %></b>
                                    <span class="posttime">回复 <em title="<%= floorNotice.toAuthor %>"><%= cutstr(floorNotice.toAuthor, 24) %></em>( <% if (floorNotice.createTime < 1490025600) { %><%= floorNotice.fCreatedTime %><% } else { %><%= substr(floorNotice.fCreatedTime, 11, 8) %><% } %> ) </span>
                                    <% if (floorNotice.authorUid == "000Cw0cGW") { %><a href="javascript:;" class="deleteFloor fright" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>">删除</a><% } else { %><a href="javascript:;" author="<%= floorNotice.author %>" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="rreplay fright">回复</a><% } %>
                                </div>
                                <div class="remessage"><%= floorNotice.message %></div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="floorReply_n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>_<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="fullvfastpost" style="display:none">
                                <div class="rpost mtm">
                                    <div class="area">
                                        <textarea rows="6" cols="80" name="rfContent" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" class="vrrmessage pt" tabindex="12" style="height:20px"></textarea>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="btns_out">
                                        <div class="btns mtn">
                                            <label class="nlg_button_wrapper" style="display:none"><button tabindex="5" class="rp_btn fright nmr nlg_btn rffastpostsubmit" toPId="n_<%= floorNotice.toPId %>" pId="<%= floorNotice.pId %>" type="submit" disabled="disabled">回复</button></label>
                                        </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <% if (!floorNotice.isItem) { %>
                    </div>
                </td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
</div>
<% } %>
  </script>
  <script type="text/javascript">
   window['statIDs'] = [7834,3,8];
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   var showPublic = false;

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    var publicMsg = "您的频道目前为公开状态，请注意保护隐私和保持内容的合法性~";
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   <div class="alertmsg-box">
    <!--关闭按钮的位置需要按需定位，引导图片直接替换图片名称即可-->
    <div id="guidePic">
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    <div id="closeGuide">
    </div>
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  </div>
  <!-- app_qun_inner end -->
  <div class="lay_copyright">
   <p class="copyright_en">
    Copyright © 2005 - 2017 Tencent.
    <a class="c_tx2" href="http://www.tencent.com/en-us/le/copyrightstatement.shtml" target="_blank">
     All Rights Reserved.
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   </p>
   <p class="copyright_cn">
    腾讯公司
    <a class="c_tx2" href="http://www.tencent.com/zh-cn/le/copyrightstatement.shtml" target="_blank">
     版权所有
    </a>
    <a class="c_tx2" href="/agreement" target="_blank">
     用户协议
    </a>
   </p>
  </div>
  <script type="text/javascript">
   var guidePics = '';
guidePics = guidePics.substr(1, guidePics.length - 1);
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if (guidePics) {
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jq(function(){
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        if (PAGEID == "forumdisplay" || PAGEID == "viewthread" || PAGEID == "editthread") {
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